Pinus palustris Mill.
Family: Pinaceae
Longleaf Pine

The genus Pinus is composed of about 100 species native to temperate and tropical regions of the world. Wood of pine can be separated microscopically into the white, red and yellow pine groups. Longleaf pine is in the yellow pine group. The word pinus is the classical Latin name and palustris means "of marshes". Longleaf pine is also in a group called the southern pines, which includes Shortleaf pine (P. echinata Mill.), Loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) and Slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm.).

Other Common Names: American pitch pine, Amerikaanse pitchpine, broom pine, brown pine, fat pine, figured-tree, Florida longleaf pine, Florida pine, Florida yellow pine, Georgia heart pine, Georgia longleaf pine, Georgia pine, Georgia pitch pine, Georgia yellow pine, Gulf Coast pitch pine, hard pine, heart pine, hill pine, langbarrig tall, longleaf, longleaf pine, long-leaf pitch pine, longleaf yellow pine, longleaf yellow pine, longleaved pitch pine, longstraw pine, madera pino, moeras-pijn, North Carolina pitch pine, palustris pine, pin de Boston, pin des marais, pino del sur, pino giallo, pino grasso, pino palustre, pino pantano, pino pece, pino tea, pino tea roja, pitch pine, pitchpin, pitchpin americain, red pine, Rosemary pine, soderns gul-all, southern hard pine, southern heart pine, southern pine, southern pitch pine, southern yellow pine, sump-all, sumpf kiefer, sydstaternas gul-tall, tea pine, Texas longleaf pine, Texas yellow pine turpentine pine, yellow pine.

Distribution: Longleaf pine is native to the southeastern United States, in the Coastal Plain from southeastern Virginia to central Florida and west to eastern Texas.

The Tree: Longleaf pine trees reach heights of 100 feet, with a diameter of 3 feet.

General Wood Characteristics: The sapwood of longleaf pine is a yellowish white, while the heartwood is a reddish brown. The sapwood is usually wide in second growth stands. Heartwood begins to form when the tree is about 20 years old. In old, slow-growth trees, sapwood may be only 1 to 2 inches in width. The wood of longleaf pine is very heavy and strong, very stiff, hard and moderately high in shock resistance. It also has a straight grain, medium texture and is difficult to work with hand tools. It ranks high in nail holding capacity, but there may be difficulty in gluing. All the southern pines have moderately large shrinkage but are stable when properly seasoned. The heartwood is rated as moderate to low in resistance to decay. The sapwood is more easily impregnated with preservatives.

Mechanical Properties (2-inch standard)

				Compression
	Specific gravity	MOE x10^6 lbf/in^2	MOR lbf/in^2	Parallel lbf/in^2	Perpendicular lbf/in^2	WML^a in-lbf/in^3	Hardness lbf	Shear lbf/in^2
Green	0.54	1.59	8500	4320	480	8.9	590	1040
Dry	0.62	1.98	14500	8470	960	11.8	870	1510
^aWML = Work to maximum load. Reference (56).

Drying and Shrinkage

Type of shrinkage	Percentage of shrinkage (green to final moisture content)
	0% MC	6% MC	20% MC
Tangential	7.5	6.0	2.5
Radial	5.1	4.1	1.7
Volumetric	12.2	9.8	4.1
References: (56, 192).

Kiln Drying Schedules^a

Conventional temperature/moisture content-controlled schedules^a
Condition	4/4, 5/4 stock	6/4 stock	8/4 stock	10/4 stock	12/4 stock	British schedule 4/4 stock
Standard	T13-C6	T12-C5	T12-C5	T10-C4	T10-C4	L
Highest Quality	279	279	279	T10-C4	T10-C4	NA
^aReference (28, 185).

Conventional temperature/time-controlled schedules^a
	Lower grades			Upper grades
Condition	4/4, 5/4 stock	6/4 stock	8/4 stock	4/4, 5/4 stock	6/4 stock	8/4 stock	12/4, 16/4 stock
Standard	281	NA	282	281	NA	282	284
^aReferences (28, 185).

High temperature^a
Condition	4/4, 5/4 stock	6/4 stock	8/4 stock	Other products
Standard	401/402	NA	NA	2 by 4's 403 2 by 10's 403 4 by 4's 404
^aReferences (28, 185).

Working Properties: Longleaf pine is difficult to work with hand tools.

Durability: It is rated as moderately resistant to heartwood decay (13).

Preservation: The sapwood is permeable to preservative treatments.

Uses: The denser and higher strength southern pine is used extensively in construction of factories, warehouses, bridges, trestles, and docks in the form of stringers, and for roof trusses, beams, posts, joists, and piles. Lumber of lower density and strength finds many uses for building material, such as interior finish, sheathing, subflooring, and joists and for boxes, pallets, and crates. Southern pine is used also for tight and slack cooperage. When used for railroad crossties, piles, poles and mine timbers, it is usually treated with preservatives. The manufacture of structural grade plywood from southern pine has become a major wood-using industry.

Toxicity: Working with longleaf pine may cause dermatitis, allergic bronchial asthma or rhinitis (7,10&14)

Additional Reading and References Cited (in parentheses)

1. Anon. Pinus palustris Pitch Pine. Wood. 1937; 2(1):17-18.

2. Boone, R. S.; Kozlik, C. J.; Bois, P. J., and Wengert, E. M. Dry kiln schedules for commercial woods - temperate and tropical. Madison, WI: USDA Forest Service, FPL-GTR-57; 1988.

3. Boyer, W. D. Pinus palustris Mill. Longleaf Pine. in: Burns, R. M. and Honkala, B. H., tech. coords. Silvics of North America. Volume 1, Conifers. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service; 1990; pp. 405-412.

4. Dallimore, W.; Jackson, A. B., and Harrison, S. G. A handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae. London, UK: Edward Arnold Ltd.; 1966.

5. Elias, T. S. The complete trees of North America, field guide and natural history. New York, NY: van Nostrand Reinhold Co.; 1980.

6. Gaby, L. I. The southern pines, an American wood. Washington, DC, USA: USDA Forest Service, FS-256; 1985.

7. Hausen, B. M. Woods injurious to human health. A manual. New York, NY: Walter de Gruyter; 1981.

8. Henderson, F. Y. A handbook of softwoods. London: HMSO; 1977.

9. Little, jr. E. L. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). Washington, DC: USGPO, USDA Forest Service, Ag. Handbook No. 541; 1979.

10. Mitchell, J. and Rook, A. Botanical dermatology: plants and plant products injurious to the skin. Vancouver, BC: Greenglass Ltd.; 1979.

11. Simpson, W. T. Dry kiln operator's manual. Madison, WI: USDA Forest Service, FPL Ag. Handbook No. 188; 1991.

12. Summitt, R. and Sliker, A. CRC handbook of materials science. Vol. 4. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc.; 1980.

13. USDA. Wood handbook: wood as an engineering material. Madison, WI: USDA Forest Service, FPL Ag. Handbook No. 72; 1974.

14. Woods, B. and Calnan, C. D. Toxic woods. British Journal of Dermatology. 1976; 95(13):1-97.